White moral psychology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 370 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: White Privilege Essay Did you like this example? The racial contract makes white moral psychology transparent as it gives the illusion of color blindness that is covered up by white privilege, its creation is to permit whites to oppress and exploit non-whites, violating their own moral ideals in dealing with non-whites and claiming it to be a norm to do so. They see it as a natural element. White supremacy has forced whites to come to the agreement to ignore non whites. They deny the centrality of race because they are racially privileged. To whites, race is invisible and they believe that world revolves around them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "White moral psychology" essay for you Create order They take their privilege for granted, denying that white supremacy is really a political system set in place to practice repressing and exploiting nonwhite peoples socially, politically and economically. The United States Declaration of Independence and Constitution has never claimed nonwhites to be citizens or people from it first being created. The continued denial of racial oppression continues today. As the Constitution never intended to recognize them as humans, as a consequence, nonwhites struggle to gain justice and equal treatment. Forget white bodies even white bullets are worth more than black lives. After every mass shooting, theres a series of protests and petitions for stronger gun control laws but conservatives leap in front of any oncoming political vehicle for gun reform preventing any changing claiming their right to bear arms, which has always been set in place only for white people. It guards white peoples gun ownership rights and it is invisible when it comes to protecting black and brown bodies. They are quick to blame mass shootings committed by other whites on video games and mental health, denying the actual issue, not wanting tragedies as such to be politicized. They will not jump into action when non-whites are not afforded their constitutional rights and gunned down or rallying behind them to help with their freedom of speech. They are quick to advocate for tough immigration and anti-terrorist laws, especially when it affects one of their own. After the death of Mollie Tibbetts, the Republican party immediately disregarded due process and used the fact that the man accused of killing Tibbetts is allegedly an undocumented worker to push their racial-ethnic-cleansing political agenda.

The Rising Cost Of College Tuition - 976 Words

In recent years, the soaring cost of college tuition has angered many students and parents, leaving many wondering where they will come up with the funds to pay. While college is still a pretty sound investment for most career paths, the cost of an education has outpaced general inflation by almost double, leaving many families simply unable to shoulder the fiscal burden without incurring large amounts of debt. How did we get to where we are today? A big part of it has to do with how colleges themselves have changed and the ways our cultural outlook on higher education has evolved. More students than ever are heading to college, and expect better resources from schools each and every year. But have colleges gone too far? Part II.A discusses the history of congressional acts that have over the years increased federal educational spending while showing how college tuitions have drastically gone up. Part II.B examines how the continued investment in college at current and future pr ices will affect society. And Part II.C assesses different countries debt problems, why they are not in as much trouble as the U.S. and what we can learn from them. A. College Costs Don’t Match Inflation Over seventy years ago, college seemed like a distant dream for many Americans who believed college was only for the wealthy elite. Presently, many young Americans and their families may still feel the same way. College tuition has gone from affordable to sky-high. Tuition has far outpacedShow MoreRelatedThe Rising Cost Of College Tuition855 Words   |  4 Pagesmoney through new technology platforms, and are the most educated generation of all time. Young adults are experience a higher level of poverty than any other age group. Young adults have been suffering greatly due to the rising cost of education and living. The cost of college tuition makes it even harder for them to achieve financial assistance. The amount of student loans debt in America is roughly around one point eight trillion dollars. Factors like the minimum wage also make it harder for youngRead MoreRising Cost Of College Tuition2509 Words   |  11 PagesPower, Privilege Rising Cost of College Tuition in the U.S The increasing cost of higher education in the United States has been a continuing topic for debate in recent decades. American society emphasizes the importance of education after high school, yet the cost of higher education and advanced degrees continually rises at a greater rate than inflation in the 1970’s. According to the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, cost factors prevent 48% of college-qualified high schoolRead MoreCollege Tuition And The Rising Cost Of Education Essay2116 Words   |  9 PagesCollege has been sold to the American people as the key to a better future. Complete the four-year degree program and watch oneself rise from the poverty of lower class to the white picket fence middle class dream. This may have been the case in the 1970’s, but college students today are facing over one trillion dollars in combined student loan debt (Denhart 3). In fact, the price of college has increased higher than any other good or service since 1 978(Ivory Tower). With the cost of tuition skyrocketingRead MoreWhat are the Problems of Rising Cost in College Tuition?1323 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the Problems of Rising Cost in College Tuition? College fee is the main factor that depends on which institution of higher learning that a student is likely to join unless awarded a scholarship. It directly depends on one’s financial capability. The poor afford the cheap and less desirable intuitions that they can be able to afford while the rich can get access to high class type of education. Policies exist that govern the ability of institutions increasing their fees and at the sameRead MoreThe Rising Cost Of College Tuition And Student Debt1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe rising cost of college tuition and student debt is a necessary evil. Many students will gladly undertake the burden of having debt in order to attain what they seek the most, a college degree. A college degree is a prestigious accomplishment; a testament to a student’s iron will. It stands as a symbolic achievement, carrying the hopes and dreams of the families who didn’t have the opportunity to continue their education. Even if the United S tates manages to implement free college tuition andRead More Fighting Rising College Tuition Costs Essay2245 Words   |  9 Pagesuneven financial aid, or economy downfall: there are reasons all across the board as to why the cost of college tuition is getting out of hand. Envision a senior girl whose heart had been set on her dream college for years. An elite, honorable college where everyone seems to want to go. She has been telling her parents from an early age she was going to one day be a member. While on a visit to the college in late fall of her senior year, she fell in love with the beautiful campus which seemed toRead MoreThe Effects Of Rising Tuition On Students Choice Of Future Career Field1308 Words   |  6 Pagesof Rising Tuition Costs on Ferrum Students’ choice of future career field Christin C Hyslop Ferrum College Fall 2014 The Effects of Rising Tuition Costs on Ferrum Students’ choice of future career field Introduction Do rising tuition costs affect Ferrum College students’ choice of major? Descriptive research will be done to determine if there is a relationship between rising tuition costs and Ferrum College students’ choice in major. A sample set of students attending Ferrum College willRead MoreRising College Tuition in America661 Words   |  3 PagesRising College Tuition in America â€Å"College Prices Soar Again!† â€Å"Budget Cuts Cause Even Higher Tuition!† â€Å"Higher Education Now Even Less Affordable† These are all statements that have been seen all over the media: newspapers, magazines, television, and radio. (3 SV: SV) Rising college tuition in America has been a problem for years. Many students drop out after a single year due to the pricey costs of tuition. The rapid rise can be attributed to many aspects of the economy, not just a single sourceRead MoreCauses Of Student Debt902 Words   |  4 Pagesof factors including rising tuition, decreases in government funding, the shift to student loans, and increases in the overall costs of college. Unsurprisingly, the cost of college tuition has skyrocketed in recent years, contributing to rising student debt. Rising tuition costs are making this debt problem extremely worse: â€Å"The average list price for tuition and fees has risen 114 percent, to $9,410 in inflation-adjusted dollars, over the past 20 years† (Farish, 1). Tuition is usually a studentsRead MoreShould College Be A College Education?1614 Words   |  7 Pagesaccess to higher education. College is an incredibly integral step into adult-hood, and while there have been those that have seen large amounts of success without a college education, statistically speaking, you’ll be hard pressed to find a position in the field of work you prefer. Ironically, in today’s economy, you’ll be hard to pressed to find a job in your desired profession even with a college education. Over the years, college has seen unending rising tuition costs, largely in part to the economy

Obesity in Todays Society Free Essays

For good healthy long life, more energy and greater happiness, among many other benefits, the importance of regular exercise and a proper diet can’t be understated. These two factors together are the most pivotal to determining a person’s overall health, and adopting them both can make a dramatic difference in how you look and feel. Health Benefits According to the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity in Todays Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. Department of Health and Human Services, a healthy diet means eating lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean meats and minimizing the consumption of cholesterol, sodium, sugar and saturated fat. In conjunction with regular exercise, a healthy diet can reduce your risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, type-2 diabetes, high blood pressure and some cancers. For good health , long life, more energy and greater happiness, among many other benefits, the importance of regular exercise and a proper diet can’t be understated. These two factors together are the most pivotal to determining a person’s overall health, and adopting them both can make a dramatic difference in how you look and feel. Health Benefits According to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, a healthy diet means eating lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean meats and minimizing the consumption of cholesterol, sodium, sugar and saturated fat. In conjunction with regular exercise, a healthy diet can reduce your risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, type-2 diabetes, high blood pressure and some cancers. Weight If you’re overweight, eating healthfully and exercising regularly can help you lose weight safely and keep it off. And if you don’t have a weight problem, physical activity and a healthy diet can help you maintain your current weight and reduce your risk of gaining extra weight in future years. Healthy foods are generally lower in calories and higher in nutrients than other foods, and regular physical activity burns off extra calories and keeps your metabolism healthy. Energy According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a combination of working out and eating healthy foods can boost your energy level as well as help you feel more alert and aware, both mentally and physically. Healthy foods give your body the nutrients and vitamins it needs to function at its best, and even though you use calories and energy through physical activity, the process actually increases the total amount of energy you have. Resolved Question Show me another  » Can someone proofread my argumentative essay? Can someone proofread my argumentative essay? Feel free to make changes if needed. P. S. sorry if it seems long†¦ In the United States, many people like to go out to dine at restaurants and fast food places on daily basics. People can turn their head to the right and left and they could see someone next to them who is obese or overweight. â€Å"Approximately 22 million children under five years of age are overweight. During the past three decades, the number of overweight children in the Unites States has more than doubled. In 1983, 18. 6 percent of preschool children in the United States were defined as overweight, and 8. 5 percent were defined as obese; by 2000, 22. 0 percent of preschool children were overweight and 10. 0 percent were obese†(Decklbaum and Williams p. 39S). Childhood obesity is an â€Å"epidemic† in America as many children are either overweight or obese. The reasons for childhood obesity are lack of exercise, healthy eating and nutrition, health problems, and low self-esteem. The lack of exercise and physical activities is one reason for childhood obesity. Therefore, there are many elementary schools that do not have any physical education teachers to teach exercise. Fo r example, many elementary schools would have teachers who have no background in physical education teach students about exercising. Instead, they would tell students to go outside during class time about once a week to play kick ball or softball and that would be their exercise for the week. Another reason for not exercising is technology. Many children do not want to go outside to play with their friends, exercise or do any sport participation. They rather stay at home to chat with their friends over the Internet using Yahoo Messenger or AIM (software programs that allow people to chat with each other). They also rather stay at home and spend hours in front of a television playing video games and watching television shows like Rob and Big, CSI, and Sponge Bob. Television viewing often is considered one of the most modifiable causes of obesity in children. Children spend a substantial part of their lives in front of the television set. Recent parent-report and self-report data from a nationally representative sample of 3155 children indicate that 2- to 7-year-old children in the United States spend an average of approximately 2. 5 hours per day and 8- to 18-year-old children spend an average of about 4. 5 hours per day watching television and playing video games. When these data are combined with typical sleep data from children, it is found that children in the United States are spending more than 25% of their waking hours in front of the television set† This shows that technology is a big influence on why children do not want to exercise or do any physical activities. Many children who are obese in America do not eat healthy or have proper nutrition. Now a day, many parents are busy with work so it is easier for them to drive to McDonald’s or Burger King’s to order some fast food meals along with soft drinks for their children. Instead of cooking a meal and having their children drink water. In addition, these fast food restaurants like McDonald’s would try to convince their customer’s by asking them if they would like to â€Å"Supersize† their meals, so they can have larger portion of French fries and larger soft drink’s that would cost a few cents more. â€Å"As children’s body weights have increased, so has their consumption of fast foods and soft drinks. The proportion of foods that children consumed from restaurants and fast food outlets increased by nearly 300% between 1977 and 1996. Children’s soft drink consumption has also increased during those years, and now soft drinks provide soft drink consumers 188 kcal/d beyond the energy intake of nonconsumers†. Proper nutrition is essential and yet many children are not consuming enough fiber per day. Instead, they are consuming less than 10 grams of fiber per day and less than 25 grams per day during adulthood. â€Å"A 5-year-old child should consume at least 10 g of fiber per day and fiber intake should approach adult levels (20–25 g per day) by 15 years of age. Unfortunately, persons of all ages in the United States eat far fewer than the recommended number of servings of whole-grain products, vegetables, and fruits. In 1994 to 1996, only 3% of individuals 2 years of age consumed 3 daily servings of vegetables (with at least one third being dark green or orange vegetables), whereas only 7% consumed 6 daily servings of grains (with 3 being whole grains). Currently, dietary fiber intake throughout childhood and adolescence averages 12 g/day or 5 g/1000 kcal (4200 kJ), a level of intake that has not changed in the past 30 years. Because total carbohydrate content has increased considerably during this period, most of this increase seems to be in the form of fiber-poor refined grains, starchy vegetables, and sugar-sweetened beverages† Mood Exercise stimulates brain chemicals that help produce feelings of happiness, contentment and relaxation, so you’ll feel better if you workout on a regular basis. According to the Mayo Clinic, physical activity also makes you look better, which is a significant factor in boosting self-confidence and inspiring a satisfied life. Diversification Exercise and healthy eating can help make your life more diverse and interesting. You can seek creative ways to be physically active in your daily life and don’t have to stick with the same exercise routine all the time. The American Cancer Society suggests exercising with co-workers, going dancing with friends, playing on a sports team and spending active time with your kids and family members. Following a healthy diet can also bring up opportunities for home cooking, culinary classes, farmers’ market visits and more fun activities. How to cite Obesity in Todays Society, Essay examples

Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Answer: Introduction Psychological disorders are classified in several categories, based on the signs and symptoms of the disorder. Assessment is a crucial part for diagnosing the appropriate psychological disorder (Hasin et al. 2013, p. 26). A psychologist, working in a hospital with a multidisciplinary mental and allied health team should have proper skills and competence for recognizing the disorder correctly. In this assignment, the focus is a 33 years old female, Yvette, who is the experiencing alcoholism, which in turn has give rise to anxiety disorders. In this context, she has represented an anxious state and severe headaches. Though she has no medical issues and tried to quit alcohol use more than one time, but found it difficult. Thus, she is seeking assistance from a psychologist. From her previous history, it has been revealed that she did not have any other addition in current status, except alcoholism. Moreover, the anxiety symptoms are not only due to her alcoholism disorder, rather, she h as a family history of anxiety disorder and it embarrasses her, which in turn leads to stress. Now, in this assignment, the focus will be demonstrating the etiology of the disorder, proper diagnosis of the disorder, assessment and intervention plan along with a relapse prevention plan for the patient Yvette. Etiology Yvette is suffering from alcoholism. Her addiction towards alcohol consumption is increasing day by day and she stated that not a single day she can spend without consuming alcohol. She seeks support from the psychologist to reduce her addiction. The disorder usually develops gradually over time and predisposed by family histories (Hasin et al. 2012, p 30). One commonly known cause for alcoholism is anxiety or depression symptoms. In the case study, Yvette has depicted that his father had anxiety disorder and was alcoholic since he was 25 years. Thus, it can be interpreted that family history of alcoholism is a significant cause and predisposing factor for her psychological condition. On the other hand, evidences highlighted that depression and anxiety are causes of alcoholism. Moreover, work related issues are the cause of her anxious symptoms. Predisposing factors are the factors inherited in the person, leading to a health issue. In Yvettes case, heredity and anxiety are two predisposing factors for developing alcoholism. Her father was addicted towards alcohol, which was a predisposing factor (Klimas et al. 2013, p.1). Precipitating factors trigger the predisposition. In yvettes case, her partners regular alcohol consumption is the precipitation factor that triggers her tendency of consuming alcohol regularly. It is evident from the case study that Yvette used to consume alcohol on weekend, but her boyfriends regular alcohol consumption triggered her predisposition. Her anxiety symptoms, panic attacks are making her more anxious day by day, she does not want to be more anxious, but she is not able to control her symptoms, which makes her want to drink even more. She is busy in her work and unable to meet her dear ones, which is another factor that maintains her tendency to drink more. In addition, she revealed that she have three months left for her contract work, which enhances her stress and maintaining the symptoms (Vasconcelos et al. 2014, p. 115). Diagnosis Mental disorders are diagnosed with the help of Diaagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, the fifth addition; DMS-V is currently in use. It helps the mental health providers to make proper diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and other psychological disorders. According to the criteria of DMS-V, Yvette is suffering from substance abuse disorder instead of generalized anxiety disorder. Followings criteria of substance abuse, according to DMS-V are the evidences for Yvettes diagnosis: The person will consume more alcohol than originally planned. Yvette used to consume once in a weekend and currently she is unable to spend a single day without consuming alcohol. The person will worry about stopping or consistently failed efforts to control abuse (Carroll 2014, p. 127). In the case of Yvette, she tried to quit alcohol consumption, once or twice since she started to drink 3 years ago; she was not able to control her drinking, instead of her significant efforts to stop drinking. Substance abuse will result in failure of fulfilling major role obligations. Yvette has revealed that her partner does not have problems like her, instead of consuming alcohol regularly. The patient will continue using the substance instead of having health problems caused by it. In Yvette case, she was panicking about severe headache, presented anxious state and previously experienced black outs on excessive drinking, but still cannot control it. The person will continue to use the substance instead of having negative effects on relationship. Yvette stated that she is no longer visiting her parents home, as she thinks her parents do not like to have someone as anxious as her (Hasin et al. 2013, p. 26). She has also experienced withdrawal symptom, i.e. anxiety and built up tolerance to alcohol. Assessment plan There are several tools and instruments for assessing substance abuse appropriate for their needs. Using the appropriate assessment tool is important for identifying the exact disorder and the stage of disorder. There are several assessment tools like AUDIT, SBIRT, NIDAMED, CAGE AID and others. The AUDIT tool, i.e. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test is a 10-item questionnaire used for screening or assessing the hazardous alcohol consumption. The tool instrument was developed by WHO. It is a 10-tem questionnaire, which tests 95% correctly, whether a person is alcoholic or non-alcoholic. As it is suitable to be used in primary care settings and used for a range of populations and cultural groups, it would be suitable to be used for Yvette. This assessment has 10 questions and takes only 5 minutes for the assessment. For women, positive score is 4 (Samhsa.gov 2016). The information which will be collected through this assessment tool includes the frequency of alcohol consumption p er day, information regarding patients attempt for cutting down the use, history of failure, patients feelings regarding drinking, violence related to abuse and health issues regarding alcohol abuse. The questionnaire is provided in appendix. It will help to identify Yvettes status, whether she is alcoholic or not. Analyzing the question, it can be interpreted that Yvettes will score more than 4, indicating her experience of alcoholism (Kelly, Daley Douaihy, 2012). Based on the results, intervention plan would be established. In the assessment plan multidisciplinary team would be involved for instance the registered nurse and GP would be required for evaluating he physical health status. Intervention plan In case of Yvette, alcohol use disorder has been occurred with other mental health issue, like anxiety disorder. Thus, psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy or the combination of both would be required for improving Yvettes status. Several previous literatures have proved the successful outcomes of combined therapy including psychotherapy along with medication for reducing anxiety symptoms. This treatment is known as medication assisted treatment (MAT) (Uchtenhagen et al., 2015, p. 1390). The intervention would be planned on the basis of CBT-based integrated approach to alcoholism treatment; Yvette is a patient with a comorbid anxiety disorder. At the initial step, detoxification or withdrawal would be done. As Yvette has reported to the hospital, she would be administered with sedating medication for preventing withdrawal symptoms. Based on the screening and assessment outcomes, a treatment plan would be established by setting priority goals for Yvette. The psychological counselling would be the next step of the intervention plan. Yvette would undergo a 3 months psychological counselling for a supportive recovery (Bowen et al., 2014, p. 555). Through the sessions, she would be discussed about her symptoms and the coping strategies. The counsellor would help her to adopt the coping mechanisms. The treatment plan would include psychoeducation through the counselling sessions. The psychoeducation would include explanation of biopsychological model of anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder and their interaction. On this education platform the next phase of treatment would be established. After providing sufficient information, Yvette would be taught about a standard paced diaphragmatic breathing exercise for minimizing hyperventilation associated with anxiety disorder (americanaddictioncenters.org, 2016). In the next phase, cognitive restructuring, Yvette would be taught about thinking patterns contributing to the anxiety and panic symptoms. She will also be taught about the ways of recognizing and restructuring the cognitions promoting alcohol use, which will in turn assist in coping with anxiety (Kane et al. 2014, p. 127). Here expert CBT skills would be required by the psychologist to help the patient in cognitive restructuring exercise. The final step is cue exposure that involves systematic therapist-guided exposure to sensations and panic attacks, aiming to decouple these from anxiety-inducing thoughts related to catastrophic outcomes. It will help Yvette to allow her in practicing new anxiety management skills and increasing her sense regarding successful coping in panicked situation, through enhancing her self-efficacy. Simultaneously mild anti-anxiety drug will be administered. Relapse prevention plan Relapse prevention plan is crucial for patients experiencing substance abuse, as it is very important to maintain the impact of interventions for longer period. A key to an effective addiction relapse plan is to determine what types of activities, habits and connections will be replaced previously associated with substance abuse. Three factors are required for Yvettes relapse prevention plan, these are managing triggers, providing a strong support system with family, friends and professionals and developing readiness, preventing a momentary slip into a return to alcohol abuse. Initially, stabilization is very important, as this plan might not work unless relapser is sober and in control of Yvette. Detoxification would be needed for making the plan to work (Spanagel Vengeliene, 2012). Initially, the psychiatrist should go slow and focus on the basic needs. In the nest step assessment would be designed for recognizing the pattern of recurrent of symptoms that are associated with previ ous relapse and to reduce pain related to these problems. Reviewing her life history would help the care provider to reconstruct recovery and relapse history. Since the first attempt at sobriety, every period of abstinence and substance use would be monitored crucially, this in turn set the stage for relapse. It will be difficult if Yvette starts drinking and resist talking about these things during the abstinence period. To reduce the chance of these things, relapse education will be provided to Yvette, which will include the process of relapse, chemical dependence and triggers, negative consequences of feeling embarrassed to reveal relapse. Relapse prevention therapy can be helpful for her, as it help to teach the patient about recognizing and managing warning signs (Witkiewitz Bowen, 2010). For instance, for Yvette, job related stress is a warning sign, which may trigger relapse of her symptoms. Involving her family, like her partner, best friend and partner will help her to be felt valued, thereby reducing her stress and anxiety related symptoms, which in turn will reduce the chance of alcohol use relapse. Conclusion In this assignment, from a psychologists perspective, the present scenario of 33 years old woman Yvette has been explored. According to the case study of Yvette, she was experiencing alcohol use symptoms along with anxiety disorder. The etiology, predisposing, precipitating and maintaining factors has been identified, which in turn helped in selecting appropriate diagnosis tool. The diagnosis has been done according to DMS-V diagnostic criteria. Then assessment plan was established for recognizing the current disorder of the patient, from the assessment, her alcoholism status was revealed, based on which the plan of the focused intervention has been developed, concerning all the factors associated with Yvettes health. Finally, the relapse prevention plan has been developed in accordance with her current recovery status and other factors presented by the patient. This plan will help to reduce recurrence of her anxiety and alcohol use symptoms, thereby assisting the patient to get back to her normal life. Reference List americanaddictioncenters.org,. (2016). Treating Addiction with Anxiety Disorders. American Addiction Centers. Retrieved 28 December 2016, from https://americanaddictioncenters.org/anxiety-and-addiction/ Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., ... Larimer, M. E. (2014). Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 71(5), 547-556. Carroll, K. M. (2014). Computerized CognitiveBehavioral Therapy. Alcohol research: current reviews, 36(1), 127. Hasin, D. S., Fenton, M. C., Beseler, C., Park, J. Y., Wall, M. M. (2012). Analyses related to the development of DSM-5 criteria for substance use related disorders: 2. Proposed DSM-5 criteria for alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and heroin disorders in 663 substance abuse patients. Drug and alcohol dependence, 122(1), 28-37. Hasin, D. S., OBrien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., ... Schuckit, M. (2013). DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry. 128(2), 25-29 Kane, I., Mitchell, A. M., Puskar, K. R., Hagle, H., Talcott, K., Fioravanti, M., ... Lindsay, D. (2014). Identifying at risk individuals for drug and alcohol dependence: teaching the competency to students in classroom and clinical settings. Nurse educator, 39(3), 126-134. Kelly, T. M., Daley, D. C., Douaihy, A. B. (2012). Treatment of substance abusing patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Addictive behaviors, 37(1), 11-24. Klimas, J., Field, C. A., Cullen, W., OGorman, C. S., Glynn, L. G., Keenan, E., ... Dunne, C. (2013). Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users: Cochrane Review a. Systematic reviews, 2(1), 1. Samhsa.gov,. (2016). Treatments for Substance Use Disorders | SAMHSA. Samhsa.gov. Retrieved 28 December 2016, from https://www.samhsa.gov/treatment/substance-use-disorders Spanagel, R., Vengeliene, V. (2012). New pharmacological treatment strategies for relapse prevention. In Behavioral Neurobiology of Alcohol Addiction (pp. 583-609). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Uchtenhagen, A. (2015). Monitoring and Evaluation of Addiction Treatment. Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives, 1387-1403. Vasconcelos, S. C., Teixeira, R. V., de Amorim Neto, P. D., da Costa Lima, M. D., Ramos, V. P., da Silva Frazo, I., de Souza Cavalcanti, A. M. T. (2014). Comorbid psychiatric in drug users: Integrative Review on Dual Diagnosis. American Journal of Nursing Science, 3, 110-116. Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S. (2010). Depression, craving, and substance use following a randomized trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 78(3), 362.